Blood flow begins and heart begins to beat.
Moore KL, Persaud TVN. 1998. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.
The pharyngeal arches, supplied by the aortic arches (arteries), transform into the adult arterial arrangement by week 8.
Duration: 4 weeks
Moore KL, Persaud TVN. 1998. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.
Three paired primordial veins develop into adult venous patterns by week 9.
Duration: 5 weeks
Moore KL, Persaud TVN. 1998. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.
Two rudimentary and transitory sets of kidneys (pronephros and mesonephros) appear; pronephri degenerate within a few days.
Moore KL, Persaud TVN. 1998. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.
Heart tube lengthens and bends, forming the cardiac loop.
Sadler TW. 2004. Langman’s Medical Embryology. Ninth Edition. Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Stomach becomes apparent as the foregut expands slightly and begins to elongate rapidly.
Larsen WJ. 1997. Human Embryology. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc.
The rudimentary lung bud appears as an outpouching of the endodermal foregut.
Larsen WJ. 1997. Human Embryology. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc.
The lung bud bifurcates into right and left primary bronchial buds.
Duration: 1 week
Larsen WJ. 1997. Human Embryology. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc.
Esophagus can be identified; it elongates relatively rapidly compared to the whole fetus.
Montgomery RK, Mulberg AE, Grand RJ. 1999. Development of the human gastrointestinal tract: twenty years of progress. Gastroenterology 116(3):702-731.
Heart becomes partitioned into four chambers by week 7.5.
Duration: 3 weeks
Moore KL, Persaud TVN. 1998. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.
The atrial, ventricular, and conotruncal septa form.
Duration: 2 weeks
Sadler TW. 2000. Susceptible periods during embryogenesis of the heart and endocrine glands. Environ Health Perspect 108 (suppl 3):555-561.